Intra-muscular hemangiomas (IMH) are relatively uncommon benign vascular tumors, which account for less than 1% of all hemangiomas. IMH may be presented as a perceived sporting injury. Diagnosis of this lesion is important not only because of its rarity, but also due to dangers posed by misdiagnosis and mismanagement. They must be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained pain and swelling in muscles. IMH occurring in the oral cavity is reviewed below.

Aloe vera is a cactus like plant that actually is part of the lily family. There are more than 300 varieties of the Aloe plant, but the Aloe barbadensis variety exhibits the best medicinal properties. It has strong antiseptic, antibacterial, fungicidal and virucidal properties. It promotes cell growth and is neurologically calming and acts as a detoxifying agent. Others provide nutritional support and some increase the regenerative potential of tissues while others act with anti-inflammatory responses. This article reviews the uses of the plant in different fields of medicine and dentistry.

Oral cancer prevalence in Asia-pacific region is at an alarming stage due to the adverse habits and different socio-economic and cultural status of the population. The better understanding of the disease process at the molecular level has altered the approach of the oral cancer towards early diagnosis of the lesion rather than late stages to reduce the morbidity and mortality. A good number of screening techniques has been time tested for the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing oral cancer in the initial premalignant stages. Surgical biopsy is a gold standard for diagnosis but this needs professional services, which are impractical at times. Alternative screening methods which are noninvasive, easily performed and highly accurate are the norms for any test to accept as an alternative for histopathology. This article focuses on some screening techniques, which are done either as confirmative or adjuvant for histopathology.

Introduction: In this environment, previous workers have reported on the challenges of managing large sized ameloblastoma of the jaws with less than adequate facilities. The aim of this review is to present the management of 68 cases of ameloblastoma with emphasis on surgical care. Materials and Methods: Retrospective survey of case notes of patients with histopathologic diagnosis of ameloblastoma (using the criteria of Barnes et al., 2005) seen between January 2006 and August 2010 at the Maxillofacial Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria was undertaken. Data collected includes histopathological diagnosis, age, gender, clinical information on site of lesion, form of intubation and surgical procedure performed. Results: Out of 94 patients, 68 with histological diagnosis of ameloblastoma (59 mandibular and 9 maxillary) were operated within the study period. The remainder (26) was not treated in hospital. Among 68 patients treated, more were males (38) than females (30), giving a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. The age range was between 14 and 74 years (mean-standard deviation). The duration of the symptoms ranged from 7 months to 24 years, most were follicular ameloblastoma (n = 13) followed by acanthomatous type (n = 7). Endotracheal intubation was the most common (n = 55) followed by fiber optic laryngoscopy (n = 8). The surgical approach most used was extended Risdon with intraoral (n = 24) followed by extended Risdon with lip split and intraoral (n = 17). Segmental resection (en block) formed the bulk of our procedures (n = 22) followed by subtotal mandibulectomy (n = 16). Conclusion: The treatment of ameloblastoma remains controversial. Its destructive nature has left patients with wide defects difficult to reconstruct.

Objectives: The study aims to explore the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -9) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase [TIMP]-1, -2) as well as the correlation between them in the different morphological forms of oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and Methods: 28, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of OLP and six specimens of squamous cell carcinoma, which served as the positive control and another six normal oral tissue specimens, which served as the negative control were used in this study. All the 40 samples were investigated immunohistochemically for the expression of MMP-2, -9 with their tissue inhibitors TIMP-1, -2. Results: The immune reactivity of MMP-2, -9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected at significant levels within the keratinocytes and lymphocytes of the OLP cases when compared with the normal control group (P < 0.0001) while the MMP-2, -9 immune reactivity was found to be about 1/5-1/10 of that detected in the positive control group. The TIMP-1, -2 were strongly expressed in both keratinocytes and lesional lymphocytes. However, no significant relationship was discovered between the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and the morphological types of OLP. Conclusion: A distinct imbalance is observed between the MMP and TIMP activities when the normal mucosa and OLP sample are compared. The TIMP intensities, on the other hand, were found to be very high, suggesting an endogenous protection of the basement membrane against the degrading effect of the MMP enzymes.

Background and Objectives: Buccal corridor space has been thought of primarily in terms of maxillary width, but there is also evidence that they are heavily influenced by the antero-posterior position of maxilla. The present study was undertaken with an aim of evaluating and comparing the dental and skeletal factors related to buccal corridor space in individuals having Class I and Class II Division 1 malocclusions. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 subjects of which 40 were males and 40 were females in the age group of 20-30 years were selected as per inclusion criteria and were grouped as Group I having Class I malocclusion and as Group II having Class II malocclusions based on angle ANB. 12 linear and 2 angular cephalometric measurements and 4 study cast measurements were used to correlate with the buccal corridor linear ratio (BCLR), calculated on smile photograph using the Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software (Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, California, USA). The data obtained was statistically evaluated using independent t-test and multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Buccal corridor space is larger in individuals with Class II Division 1 malocclusion when compared with individuals with Class I malocclusions. There exists a significant difference in buccal corridor space between males and females. Conclusion: The present study helps in establishing the correlation between certain factors and the amount of buccal corridor space in individuals having skeletal Class II pattern.

Background: Tamil Nadu is one of the 18 states affected by fluorosis in India. The maximum tolerance limit of fluoride in drinking water specified by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1984) is 1.5 mg/l while it is proved to be above in many areas of Salem. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the following study is to identify the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children in the district of Salem. To compare the prevalence of dental fluorosis between different sexes and age groups. Materials and Methods: A pilot study was conducted in a private school where oral examination was done using mouth mirror and probe under sunlight in 965 students, for the presence or absence of dental fluorosis. As it was a pilot study, the fluorosis indexes were not taken into consideration. Results: In our study, 965 students were examined for dental fluorosis out of which, 624 were boys and 341 were girls. Dental fluorosis was present in 31.1% of boys, and 30.3% of girls 297 students out of 965 (30.8%) showed the presence of dental fluorosis. Conclusion: The present study showed that Salem is one of the districts affected by dental fluorosis in Tamil Nadu. An extensive study including the grades of fluorosis and estimation of water fluoride levels in different areas is required for better evaluation of the situation. Government should take actions to prevent fluorosis. Awareness should be given to the population to drink only the water supplied by the government.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to study the prevalence of reactive hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva in the western Indian population. Materials and Methods: A review of biopsy records of localized reactive hyperplastic lesions of the gingiva during the period from September 2007 to December 2013 was conducted from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. The lesions were studied according to the available clinical data regarding patient's age, sex, location, and size of the lesion. Results: The prevalence of reactive gingival lesions was 17.4%. The majority of the lesions were focal fibrous hyperplasia (FFH) (40.9%), followed by pyogenic granuloma (30%) with a female predominance. The lesions were commonly seen during the 2 ^nd and 3 ^rd decades of life. The lesions were equally distributed in both the jaws and the anterior region was the most commonly involved site. Conclusion: Focal reactive lesions are rather uncommon lesions of the oral cavity. The present study showed some difference in age and gender distribution, with FFH being the most common lesion in the north Indian population

Objective: Social networking sites (SNS) are emerging as an alternate teaching resource. The reach and access characteristics of SNS for a noninstitutional, academic blog in an Indian setting has not been documented and this manuscript aim to address this lacunae. Materials and Methods: A blog for oral histology, an integral basic dental subject and its Facebook promotional page was created. The access characteristics were observed using Google analytics. The Facebook promotional pages of the blog access characteristics are presented. Results: A total of 582 people visited the blog during the study period. Majority of them used Google Chrome from desktop/laptop to access the blog. There were 2723 page visits in all. Visitors from 36 countries and 99 cities across the globe accessed the blog. In all through Facebook, the promotional page reached 36,543 people. The total number of people engaged through Facebook promotion page was 10,757. Conclusion: Access characteristics of the noninstitutional, academic blog have been described for the first time in dentistry. The lessons learnt through this exercise would be helpful in designing e-mentoring courses as well promotional pages of such events in the future. The necessity of making the mentors and students to adapt to e-learning and digital learning resources before drawing such programs is highlighted.

Objectives: This study was carried out to correlate the relationship between early childhood caries and maternal education level and socio-economic status (SES). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 500 pairs of children of ≤6 years age and their mothers, who reported to the private dental clinic in Gurgaon, Haryana, India. The association between mother's educational level and SES of the family were estimated through a self-structured questionnaire. Caries status of the children was estimated using deft index (World Health Organization criteria). Results: Collected data was statistically analyzed. There was an inverse relationship between the education level of mothers and caries status of their children. There was no relationship between the SES of mothers and caries status of their children. Conclusion: It was concluded that, mothers are responsible for their children primary oral health.

Correction of skeletal deformities in adult patients with orthodontics is limited. Orthognathic surgery is the best option for cases when camouflage treatment is questionable and growth modulation is not possible. This case report illustrates the benefit of the team approach in correcting vertical maxillary excess along with class II skeletal deformity. A cosmetic correction was achieved by superior repositioning of maxilla with LeFort I osteotomy and augmentation genioplasty, along with orthodontic treatment. The patient's facial appearance was markedly improved along with functional and stable occlusion

Herpes zoster (HZ) is an uncommon acute viral infection caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus. The maxillofacial surgeon should be aware of the less recognized maxillofacial complications, which include facial scarring, irregular short roots, osteonecrosis, exfoliation of teeth, periodontitis, calcified and devitalized pulps, internal root resorption, periapical pathoses. Here, we report a case of 47-year-old man presented with multiple internal root resorption and periapical pathoses in upper left quadrant 20 years after the attack of HZ of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve of the same side. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on etiology and diagnosis.

Prosthodontic management of a completely edentulous patient with microstomia is challenging for both the operator and the patient. Limited mouth opening can be caused by the head and neck radiation, surgically treated head and neck tumors, connective tissue diseases, facial burns, reconstructive lip surgeries and the most common factor oral submucous fibrosis. It is often difficult to apply conventional clinical procedures to construct dentures for patients who demonstrate limited mouth opening, as it is difficult to insert or remove the custom trays, denture bases and the final prosthesis is in one piece because of the constricted opening of the oral cavity. However, with careful treatment planning and designing, many of the apparent clinical difficulties can be overcome. This article deals with a case report of treatment procedure and sectional prosthesis design for a patient with microstomia. All the procedures were intended for better function, health, esthetics and overall well-being of the patient.

Restoration of endodontically treated teeth is important for the success of endodontic treatment. In full coverage restorations, maximum amount of tooth structure is compromised, so as to conserve the amount of tooth structure partial coverage restorations, can be preferred. This case report is on fabrication of a conservative tooth colored restoration for an endodontically treated posterior tooth. A 22-year-old male patient presented with pain in the mandibular left first molar. After endodontic treatment, composite material was used as postendodontic restoration. The tooth was then prepared to receive a ceramic onlay and bonded with self-adhesive universal resin cement. Ceramic onlay restoration was periodically examined up to 2 years.

High level of success in endodontic treatment requires an understanding of root canal anatomy and morphology. The clinician must be prepared to identify those teeth that tend to vary generally from norm. Thorough debridement and obturation of such teeth can be challenging and failing to do so can lead to treatment failure. Mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having aberrant anatomy. However, the occurrence of three separate canals with three separate foramina in mandibular premolars is very rare. The incidence of three canals is as high as 23% in mandibular first premolars, whereas in second premolars incidence is as low as 0.4%. Three rooted mandibular second premolar is reported to be 0.2%. This case report describes endodontic management of one such tooth with unusual morphological variations in canal anatomy of mandibular second premolar.